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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR
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Variation in recombination frequency and distribution across eukaryotes: patterns and processes.

Jessica Stapley1, Philine G D Feulner2,3, Susan E Johnston4

  • 1Centre for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, IBZ, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland jessica.stapley@env.ethz.ch.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|November 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recombination rates vary tenfold across eukaryotes, influenced by genome architecture and epigenetic factors. Understanding these variations is key to comprehending evolution in sexually reproducing organisms.

Keywords:
adaptationcrossing overevolutiongenetic linkagegenomic architecturemeiosis

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Recombination is crucial for sexual reproduction, facilitating DNA exchange between chromosomes.
  • The evolution of recombination's role in sex is well-studied, but how recombination rate itself evolves is less understood.
  • Understanding recombination rate variation is essential for studying evolutionary processes in sexual organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore patterns and processes governing recombination rates in eukaryotes.
  • To analyze how recombination rate variation influences evolutionary trajectories.
  • To integrate current knowledge with linkage map data from 353 organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of linkage map data from 353 eukaryotic organisms.
  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on recombination mechanisms.
  • Discussion of factors influencing recombination rate variation.

Main Results:

  • Genome-wide recombination rates (cM/Mb) exhibit over tenfold variation across eukaryotes.
  • Significant variation exists in recombination event distribution among related taxa, populations, and individuals.
  • Recombination rate and distribution are linked to genome architecture, genetic/epigenetic mechanisms, sex, and environmental factors.

Conclusions:

  • Recombination rate variation is substantial and influenced by multiple biological and environmental factors.
  • Further research using advanced modeling and empirical approaches will enhance understanding of recombination rate evolution.
  • Investigating recombination rate variation offers insights into the evolution of sexual reproduction.