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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice
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History-Dependent Odor Processing in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb.

Amit Vinograd1,2, Yoav Livneh1,2, Adi Mizrahi3,2

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, and.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|November 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neural processing of odors by mitral cells (MCs) in the olfactory bulb (OB) adapts to background odors. This history-dependent processing impacts odor perception, sometimes aiding, sometimes masking target odors.

Keywords:
olfactory bulbolfactory codingtwo-photon calcium imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Processing
  • Olfaction

Background:

  • Animals perceive sensory information against background stimuli.
  • Neural mechanisms for processing sensory information with backgrounds are not fully understood.
  • Limited research exists on odor coding within continuous odorous backgrounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how background odors are encoded by mitral cells (MCs) in the olfactory bulb (OB).
  • To determine the impact of continuous odor presentation on MC responses.
  • To assess how MCs process target odors presented on top of background odors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in male mice.
  • Recorded MC responses to isolated odors and odors presented against continuous backgrounds.
  • Examined responses across different odor concentrations and states (anesthetized vs. awake).

Main Results:

  • MCs demonstrate adaptation to continuous odor presentation.
  • Responses to odor mixtures differ when preceded by a background odor.
  • History-dependent processing in some cases aided target odor identification.
  • In other cases, dominant backgrounds completely masked target odors.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory bulb odor processing is significantly influenced by recent sensory activity history.
  • This history-dependent processing plays a crucial role in odor perception.
  • Odor coding in the OB is context-dependent on the recent sensory environment.