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One-Compartment Model: IV Infusion01:09

One-Compartment Model: IV Infusion

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Intravenous (IV) infusion is often utilized when continuous and controlled drug delivery is necessary, such as during surgery or in the treatment of chronic diseases. This method offers numerous advantages, including immediate drug action, precise control over dosage, and bypassing the first-pass metabolism.
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One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: General Considerations01:19

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The one-compartment model is a pharmacokinetic tool that models the body as a single, uniform compartment, facilitating the understanding of drug distribution and elimination. This model is particularly beneficial for intravenous (IV) bolus administration, where the drug rapidly circulates throughout the body.
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One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance00:56

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Clearance is a key pharmacokinetic parameter that quantifies the volume of body fluid from which a drug is entirely removed within a specific time frame. It is crucial in assessing how a drug is eliminated from the body and has critical clinical applications.
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Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Excipients and Impurities-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:19

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Pharmaceutical products contain more than just the active drug; they also contain various excipients such as binders, solubilizers, stabilizers, preservatives, and other elements. In some cases, impurities or contaminants might be present. Traditionally, quality control in pharmaceuticals has primarily focused on the analysis of the active drug, often overlooking the impact of these additional components. The recent issue with heparin contamination by over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate, a...
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The development of extended-release formulations has facilitated the transition from intravenous to oral medication, offering a more convenient and patient-friendly approach to drug administration. This transition, however, requires careful management to ensure that therapeutic drug levels are maintained, preserving efficacy and avoiding adverse effects. Understanding pharmacokinetic principles and dosage calculations is critical during this process.Pharmacokinetics of the...
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Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
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Quality Control of Compounded Crystalloid Fluids for Intravenous Delivery to Horses.

C B Magnusson1, K P Poulsen1,2, J A Budde3

  • 1Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
|November 9, 2017
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Compounded intravenous fluids for horses using chlorinated drinking water pose significant risks due to bacterial and endotoxin contamination. Veterinarians should avoid this method and inform clients of potential dangers.

Keywords:
ElectrolytesEndotoxinEquineSterility

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Area of Science:

  • Equine medicine
  • Veterinary pharmacology
  • Fluid therapy

Background:

  • Commercially available intravenous (IV) fluids for horses are expensive and sometimes unavailable.
  • Veterinarians increasingly use compounded fluids, necessitating quality control data.
  • Safety and efficacy of compounded fluids require thorough investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare electrolyte concentrations, sterility, and endotoxin contamination.
  • To evaluate two methods of compounding isotonic crystalloid fluids for horses.
  • To assess the safety of compounded fluids versus commercial options.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study comparing commercial Plasma-Lyte A to two compounded formulations.
  • One formulation used hand-mixed chlorinated drinking water.
  • The second formulation used ingredients from a compounding pharmacy.

Main Results:

  • Electrolyte concentrations varied significantly between fluid types (P < 0.0001).
  • Hand-mixed fluids showed higher bacterial contamination than commercial fluids (P = 0.0014).
  • Detectable endotoxin contamination was found in one hand-mixed sample.

Conclusions:

  • Chlorinated drinking water is unsuitable for compounding IV fluids for horses.
  • Compounded fluids using chlorinated water present risks of contamination.
  • Veterinarians must inform clients about risks associated with compounded fluids.