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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms
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Examining Children's Implicit Racial Attitudes Using Exemplar and Category-Based Measures.

Amanda Williams1, Jennifer R Steele2

  • 1University of Bristol.

Child Development
|November 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Children

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Understanding children's racial attitudes is crucial for addressing societal biases.
  • Implicit racial attitudes, which are automatic and unconscious, develop during childhood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the development of implicit racial attitudes in White children aged 5 to 12.
  • To explore how different types of implicit measures reveal distinct patterns of racial bias.

Main Methods:

  • Employed three studies with 359 White children (ages 5-12).
  • Utilized child-friendly implicit measures: Affective Priming Task, Affect Misattribution Procedure, and Implicit Association Test.
  • Assessed both exemplar-based and category-based implicit racial attitudes.

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Last Updated: Feb 19, 2026

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Main Results:

  • Younger children (5-8) displayed automatic ingroup positivity towards White child exemplars.
  • Older children (9-12) did not show this automatic ingroup positivity.
  • Children did not exhibit automatic anti-Black negativity but showed pro-White bias on category-based measures.

Conclusions:

  • Implicit ingroup and outgroup attitudes follow different developmental paths.
  • The automatic activation of implicit intergroup attitudes is influenced by the salience of race.