Set individualized targets for patients with type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, progressive, metabolic disorder caused by defects in insulin secretion and action resulting in hyperglycaemia. Fasting blood glucose, random blood glucose, the oral glucose tolerance test and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) tests are all used in diagnosis. In patients with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or prediabetes there are minor variations in the risk of developing overt diabetes. The mainstay of management is lifestyle intervention i.e. diet and physical activity aiming for at least 5% weight loss for all these three states which can halve the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Structured education is an integral part of diabetes care and this should be provided at diagnosis. Nutritional advice from a dietitian is essential. Regular physical activity totalling 30 minutes most days of the week improves muscle insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and blood pressure although a total of 60-75 minutes a day is required for reduction in body weight and better metabolic profiles. NICE guidelines acknowledge the need for individualised treatment targets. Lowering HbA1c is beneficial in reducing microvascular complications and may have macrovascular benefits in the long term. However, intensive glycaemic control in the elderly with more advanced disease may not have similar benefits and poses a risk due to hypoglycaemia.