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Regulation of Heart Rates

Regulation of Heart Rates

The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
The SNS increases heart rate through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which act on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. This action increases the rate of depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart's...

Development of the Heart

Development of the Heart

The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart...

Regulation of the Cardiovascular System

Regulation of the Cardiovascular System

The regulation of the cardiovascular system allows the body to adapt to various demands and maintain homeostasis.
The regulation of the cardiovascular system involves the autonomic nervous system (ANS), baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors, ensuring that heart rate and blood pressure are appropriately modulated in response to varying physiological demands.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system enhances...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Author Spotlight: Cardiac Cell Transgenesis for Rapid Gene Screening

Author Spotlight: Cardiac Cell Transgenesis for Rapid Gene Screening

Published on: May 24, 2024

Ronin Governs Early Heart Development by Controlling Core Gene Expression Programs.

Jun Fujita¹, Pablo Freire², Cristian Coarfa³

¹Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.

|November 9, 2017

Summary

Ronin (THAP11) is crucial for heart development, controlling essential genes during cardiogenesis. Its activity involves epigenetic mechanisms, offering insights into gene regulation in developing organs.

Keywords:

dilative cardiomyopathy heart development heart disease organ growth transcriptional control

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Published on: September 23, 2014

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Epigenetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Ronin (THAP11) is a DNA-binding protein involved in regulating essential genes in pluripotent stem cells.
Its precise role in developmental processes, particularly in organogenesis, remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the function of Ronin in heart development (cardiogenesis).
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying Ronin's role in the developing heart.

Main Methods:

Analysis of Ronin's expression and function during embryonic heart development.
Investigating the recruitment of cofactor Hcf-1 and changes in H3K4me3 levels at target genes.

Main Results:

Ronin plays a vital role in midgestation cardiogenesis by regulating critical genes.
Ronin's activity is associated with Hcf-1 recruitment and increased H3K4me3 at target genes, indicating an epigenetic mechanism.

Conclusions:

Ronin is essential for proper heart formation from the mesoderm.
Ronin-mediated gene regulation during cardiogenesis provides a model for understanding sustained gene programs in developing organs.