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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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The Nernst Equation02:59

The Nernst Equation

47.4K
Nonstandard Reaction Conditions
The interconnection between standard cell potentials and various thermodynamic parameters such as the standard free energy change ΔG° and equilibrium constant K has been previously explored. For example, a redox reaction involving zinc(II) and tin(II) ions at 1 M concentration with Eºcell = +0.291 V and ΔG° = −56.2 kJ is spontaneous.
47.4K

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Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating
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The spin Nernst effect in tungsten.

Peng Sheng1, Yuya Sakuraba1, Yong-Chang Lau1,2

  • 1National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan.

Science Advances
|November 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers observed the spin Nernst effect in tungsten (W), converting heat into spin current. This effect, opposite in sign to the spin Hall effect, enhances spin current generation in W/CoFeB/MgO heterostructures.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Spintronics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The spin Hall effect generates spin current from charge current in materials with strong spin-orbit coupling.
  • The spin Nernst effect, a predicted phenomenon, converts heat current into spin current in nonmagnetic metals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally observe and characterize the spin Nernst effect in tungsten (W).
  • To investigate the relationship between the spin Nernst effect and the spin Hall effect in W-based heterostructures.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of W/CoFeB/MgO heterostructures.
  • Application of a temperature gradient across the film.
  • Measurement of longitudinal and transverse voltages under varying magnetic fields.
  • Comparison with spin Hall magnetoresistance measurements.

Main Results:

  • Observation of voltage changes in response to a temperature gradient, consistent with the spin Nernst effect.
  • Direct estimation of the spin Nernst angle in W, found to be similar in magnitude but opposite in sign to the spin Hall angle.
  • Demonstration that this sign difference enhances spin current generation under open-circuit conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The spin Nernst effect is experimentally confirmed in tungsten.
  • The distinct characteristics of the spin Nernst and spin Hall effects were highlighted.
  • Findings provide pathways for exploring materials with unique band structures for efficient spin current generation.