Higher-order cognitive training effects on processing speed-related neural activity: a randomized trial.

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Cognitive Psychology
• Gerontology

Background:

• Higher-order cognitive training may enhance cognitive performance in older adults.
• Neural mechanisms behind cognitive training benefits require further clarification.
• Processing speed and its neural correlates are crucial for cognitive function in aging.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the effects of cognitive training on processing speed and associated neural activity in older adults.
• To compare cognitive training with active control (exercise) and wait-list control groups.
• To examine changes in the relationship between reaction time and brain activity within the prefrontal cortex.

Main Methods:

• Randomized controlled trial with three groups: cognitive training (CT), active control (AC), and wait-list control (WLC).
• Participants (57-71 years) underwent 12 weeks of training or control conditions.
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess neural activity during a processing speed task at baseline, mid-training, and post-training.

Main Results:

• All groups demonstrated faster reaction times (RTs) over time.
• The CT group showed a significant increase in the association between RT and BOLD signal change in the left prefrontal cortex (PFC).
• WLC and AC groups showed significant decreases in the RT-BOLD association within the left PFC.

Conclusions:

• Cognitive training induced a neural efficiency profile in older adults, where faster processing speed correlated with reduced PFC activation.
• The observed neural changes suggest that cognitive training specifically alters the neural mechanisms of processing speed, unlike exercise or natural practice.
• These findings contribute to understanding how cognitive interventions can optimize brain function and cognitive performance in aging populations.