[Suspicion Index: Psychiatric Manifestations of NMDAR Encephalitis in Paediatric Patients]

Immune encephalitis is a diverse group of disorders that share some unique diagnostic approaches and specific treatments. Some of the initial manifestations are non-specific and difficult to distinguish from encephalitis of other aetiologies, and even with modern diagnostic tools there are still a number of cases for which definitive causes cannot be clarified. Among these, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a particular form of immune encephalitis that has some distinctive clinical manifestations, which allows the clinical evaluator to suggest a more accurate diagnosis and start treatments even in the absence of specific laboratory tests. Three paediatric patients, who were treated for NMDAR encephalitis are described in this article, as well as comparing their clinical presentation. This specific disorder and some of the more relevant features of its physiopathology are reviewed in order to explain the initial psychiatric manifestations, for which early recognition is critical for an appropriate diagnosis and treatment.