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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

A Syngeneic Orthotopic Osteosarcoma Sprague Dawley Rat Model with Amputation to Control Metastasis Rate
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Low-grade central osteosarcoma in proximal humerus: a rare entity.

Fan Tang1,2, Li Min1,2, Yong Zhou1

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.

Oncotargets and Therapy
|November 11, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Low-grade central osteosarcoma, a rare bone tumor, is best treated with wide resection. Biomarkers MDM2 and CDK4 aid in its difficult diagnosis, improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
CDK4MDM2differential diagnosislow-grade central osteosarcomaproximal humeruswide resection

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Oncology
  • Skeletal Radiology
  • Tumor Biomarkers

Background:

  • Low-grade central osteosarcoma is a rare, low-malignancy bone tumor.
  • Standard treatment involves wide resection with negative margins.
  • Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is typically reserved for high-grade areas, with its role being controversial.

Observation:

  • Diagnosis is challenging due to nonspecific radiological and pathological findings.
  • MDM2 and CDK4 are sensitive and specific biomarkers for low-grade central osteosarcoma.
  • A rare case involved a 19-year-old female with proximal humerus low-grade central osteosarcoma.

Findings:

  • The patient's tumor showed positive MDM2 and CDK4 biomarker expression.
  • Wide tumor resection with proximal humerus endoprosthesis replacement led to good recovery.
  • Timely wide resection offers a 5-year survival rate of nearly 90% for this condition.

Implications:

  • Familiarity with radiographic features and diagnostic biomarkers is crucial for accurate diagnosis.
  • Understanding biological characteristics aids in effective management strategies.
  • Biomarker advances improve differential diagnosis, preventing treatment errors for rare osteosarcomas.