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Extraction: Advanced Methods

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...

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Updated: Feb 19, 2026

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

Published on: January 1, 2016

Steroid hormones in environmental matrices: extraction method comparison.

Gangadhar Andaluri¹, Rominder P S Suri², Kendon Graham³

¹NSF-Water and Environmental Technology (WET) Center, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, 1947 N 12th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

|November 11, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Solid phase extraction (SPE) offers superior recovery and lower variability for analyzing steroid hormones in environmental samples compared to other methods. This research guides improved sample preparation strategies for environmental monitoring.

Keywords:

Biosolids EPA Method 1698 Solid phase and liquid-liquid extraction Steroid hormones Surface water Wastewater

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Published on: March 1, 2018

Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Environmental Science

Background:

Steroid hormones are prevalent environmental contaminants.
Accurate analysis requires robust extraction methods.
Existing U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods include HRGC/HRMS (EPA Method 1698).

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the efficiency and robustness of different extraction methods for steroid hormones.
To evaluate Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) for environmental samples.
To provide guidance for optimizing sample preparation in steroid hormone analysis.

Main Methods:

Comparison of Separatory Funnel Extraction (SFE), Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction (CLLE), and Soxhlet extraction.
Development and validation of an in-house Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) method.
Application of GC/MS/MS for analyzing nine common steroid hormones in various environmental matrices.

Main Results:

SPE methods demonstrated superior recovery efficiencies and lower variability for steroid hormone extraction.
Separatory Funnel Extraction (SFE) showed good performance.
Soxhlet extraction and CLLE exhibited lengthy procedures and highly variable recovery efficiencies.

Conclusions:

Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) is a recommended method for steroid hormone analysis in environmental samples.
The study provides valuable data for selecting appropriate sample preparation strategies.
SPE enhances the available options for environmental sample analysis.