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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
Published on: February 26, 2020
The emergence of automaticity in reading: Effects of orthographic depth and word decoding ability on an adjusted
Hakima Megherbi1, Carsten Elbro2, Jane Oakhill3
1Université Paris 13 - Sorbonne Paris Cité (SPC), EA 4403 - UTRPP - 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
Abstract:
How long does it take for word reading to become automatic? Does the appearance and development of automaticity differ as a function of orthographic depth (e.g., French vs. English)? These questions were addressed in a longitudinal study of English and French beginning readers. The study focused on automaticity as obligatory processing as measured in the Stroop test. Measures of decoding ability and the Stroop effect were taken at three time points during first grade (and during second grade in the United Kingdom) in 84 children. The study is the first to adjust the classic Stroop effect for inhibition (of distracting colors). The adjusted Stroop effect was zero in the absence of reading ability, and it was found to develop in tandem with decoding ability. After a further control for decoding, no effects of age or orthography were found on the adjusted Stroop measure. The results are in line with theories of the development of whole word recognition that emphasize the importance of the acquisition of the basic orthographic code.
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