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The Association Between Diabetes and Olfactory Function in Adults.

Jason Ying Kuen Chan1, Esther García-Esquinas2, Owen H Ko3

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Diabetes is linked to olfactory dysfunction, particularly phantom odors and severe smell loss in those on insulin treatment. Smell impairment shows a trend with more aggressive diabetes treatments.

Keywords:
diabeteshyposmiaolfactory dysfunctionphantosmia

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Neurology
  • Olfactory research

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent chronic condition.
  • Limited research suggests a potential link between diabetes and olfactory dysfunction.
  • Olfactory dysfunction can significantly impact quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between diabetes and olfactory dysfunction in US adults aged 40 and older.
  • To explore if diabetes treatment intensity correlates with olfactory dysfunction prevalence.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional analysis of 3151 adults from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2014).
  • Diabetes defined by glucose levels, HbA1c, diagnosis, or medication use.
  • Olfactory dysfunction assessed via self-report and a smell identification test (severe hyposmia/anosmia).
  • Analyses adjusted for potential confounders.

Main Results:

  • Diabetics on insulin treatment had a higher prevalence of phantom odors (OR: 2.42) and a trend towards severe smell loss (OR: 1.57).
  • Among diabetics, a significant trend showed increased severe hyposmia/anosmia with more aggressive treatments (P-trend=0.01).
  • No association found between diabetes duration and olfactory dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetes, especially when treated with insulin, is associated with olfactory dysfunction, including phantom odors and severe smell loss.
  • The severity of olfactory dysfunction appears to correlate with the intensity of diabetes treatment.
  • Further research is warranted to understand the mechanisms linking diabetes and smell impairment.