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Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Whole-Body Nanoparticle Aerosol Inhalation Exposures
Published on: May 7, 2013
Reducing occupational lead exposures: Strengthened standards for a healthy workforce
Rachel M Shaffer1, Steven G Gilbert2
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington Seattle School of Public Health, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE Suite 100, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, United States.
Abstract:
Outdated federal and state occupational lead standards leave workers and their families vulnerable to the adverse effects of lead. Standards should be updated to reflect the best available scientific and medical evidence, which documents harm to multiple organ systems even at low levels of exposure. This commentary will review the inadequacies of existing policies, highlight susceptible populations, and briefly summarize state revision efforts to date. Federal policies must be strengthened to protect all workers and their families from this well-documented hazard.
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