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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Recent trends in spin-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.

Taichi Okuda1

  • 1Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center (HSRC), Hiroshima University, 2-313 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|November 14, 2017
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Summary

Spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (SARPES) is crucial for studying materials like topological insulators. Recent advancements in SARPES techniques and apparatus offer higher resolution and new functionalities for electronic band structure analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • The Rashba effect and topological insulators have increased the importance of spin-resolved measurements.
  • Spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (SARPES) directly probes the electronic band structure with spin resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in SARPES techniques and instrumentation.
  • To highlight new capabilities and trends in SARPES measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Development of new SARPES apparatus with enhanced resolution (energy and angular).
  • Implementation of advanced detection methods like spin vector analysis and multichannel spin detection.
  • Utilization of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lasers for novel SARPES measurements.

Main Results:

  • SARPES now offers significantly higher energy and angular resolution compared to conventional methods.
  • New functionalities enable more detailed spin-resolved electronic structure investigations.
  • VUV laser-based SARPES opens new avenues for material characterization.

Conclusions:

  • Recent SARPES developments are driven by the need to study novel materials like topological insulators.
  • Advanced SARPES techniques provide unprecedented insights into spin-dependent electronic properties.
  • The field is rapidly evolving with new apparatus and measurement strategies.