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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

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Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

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IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest hydrocarbon chain containing the –COOH carbon is identified as the parent chain. Then, the last -e of the parent hydrocarbon name is replaced with a suffix -oic acid.
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Nomenclature of Primary Amines01:17

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

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Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase
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Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

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A primacy code for odor identity.

Christopher D Wilson1, Gabriela O Serrano1, Alexei A Koulakov2

  • 1NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA.

Nature Communications
|November 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early olfactory receptor activation provides a concentration-invariant code for odor identity. This "primacy coding" allows rapid odor identification within 100 milliseconds of inhalation onset.

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Live-cell Measurement of Odorant Receptor Activation Using a Real-time cAMP Assay
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Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 18, 2026

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Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Biology
  • Sensory Systems

Background:

  • Invariant object recognition is crucial for perception across varying conditions.
  • The computational mechanisms for invariant odor recognition are not well understood.
  • Early neural responses may encode stable odor identity independent of concentration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of early olfactory receptor activity in concentration-invariant odor identification.
  • To determine the temporal window for odor identification.
  • To propose a computational model for olfactory coding.

Main Methods:

  • Optogenetic masking paradigm to define sensory integration time for odor identification.
  • Multi-electrode array recordings in the olfactory bulb to analyze odor-evoked neural activity.
  • Development of a computational model for olfactory processing.

Main Results:

  • Animals can identify odors using neural information from <100 milliseconds after inhalation onset.
  • Specific olfactory bulb units show concentration-invariant responses with early latencies.
  • These early-responding units fall within the behaviorally relevant time window.

Conclusions:

  • A "primacy coding" scheme, utilizing early-activated receptors, enables concentration-invariant odor identity.
  • Neural circuits can read this code using rapid, early olfactory bulb activity.
  • This provides a computational principle for invariant olfactory perception.