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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...
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Ankle Joint01:10

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability
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[Patellofemoral instability].

S F Fucentese1

  • 1Klinik für Orthopädie, Universitätsklinik Balgrist, Universität Zürich, Forchstr. 340, 8008, Zürich, Schweiz. sandro.fucentese@balgrist.ch.

Der Orthopade
|November 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Patellofemoral instability in young patients stems from anatomical issues. Surgical correction depends on the specific pathology, with successful outcomes for stability but varied pain relief.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Patellofemoral instability significantly impacts young, active individuals.
  • Anatomical factors like high-riding patella, elevated tibial tuberosity to trochlear groove (TTTG) distance, trochlear dysplasia, medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) insufficiency, and malalignment contribute to chronic instability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the anatomical causes of patellofemoral instability.
  • To evaluate treatment strategies and outcomes for recurrent patellar dislocations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical factors contributing to patellofemoral instability.
  • Analysis of surgical interventions based on specific pathologies (e.g., osteotomy, trochleoplasty, MPFL reconstruction).
Keywords:
Conservative treatmentOperative proceduresPainTrochlear dysplasiaTrochleoplasty

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Main Results:

  • Conservative treatment is suitable for initial dislocations unless an osteochondral defect is present.
  • Surgery is indicated for recurrent dislocations, yielding good stability but variable pain improvement.
  • Specific procedures address identified anatomical issues: tibial tuberosity osteotomy for high-riding patella/elevated TTTG, trochleoplasty for dysplasia, and MPFL reconstruction for insufficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical approach for patellofemoral instability must be tailored to the underlying anatomical pathology.
  • MPFL reconstruction is highly successful.
  • The role and correction of axial and torsional malalignment require further investigation.