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Imagery, memory, and size-distance invariance.

T L Hubbard, D Kall, J C Baird

    Memory & Cognition
    |January 1, 1989
    PubMed
    Summary
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    The size-distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH) was challenged by research showing that perceived size and distance relationships are better described by power functions than the strict SDIH. Memory and imagery produced similar distance estimates, supporting this finding.

    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Visual Perception
    • Human Memory

    Background:

    • The size-distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH) posits a fixed relationship between an object's perceived size and its perceived distance.
    • Previous research has explored the validity of SDIH in various perceptual contexts.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To empirically examine the size-distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH) for both remembered and imagined visual stimuli.
    • To investigate the relationship between stated size and perceived distance in memory and imagery.
    • To compare distance estimations derived from memory versus visual imagery.

    Main Methods:

    • Experiment 1: Assessed remembered and imaged distances of familiar objects and imaged distances of rods, analyzing the size-distance relationship.
    • Experiment 2: Collected distance estimates and visual context descriptions for recalled and imaged objects, with subsequent context categorization.

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  • Experiment 3: Measured distance estimations to objects in an outdoor setting to validate findings.

    • Main Results:

    • The relationship between stated size and distance was better represented by power functions (exponents < 1) than the SDIH (exponent = 1).
    • No significant differences were found between distance estimates derived from memory recall and visual imagery.
    • Visual contexts did not sort based on whether they originated from memory or imagery conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings suggest that the size-distance relationship is more flexible than proposed by the strict size-distance invariance hypothesis.
    • Memory and visual imagery appear to utilize similar mechanisms for distance estimation.
    • The results indicate that the observed power functions are not artifacts of the specific distance judgment procedures used.