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Updated: Feb 18, 2026

A Two-Step Method for Percutaneous Transhepatic Choledochoscopic Lithotomy
Published on: September 13, 2022
Current trends and pitfalls in endoscopic treatment of urolithiasis
Takaaki Inoue1, Shinsuke Okada2, Shuzo Hamamoto3
1Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan.
Abstract:
Current development of endoscopic technology, lithotripters, and stone-retrieval devices has expanded the indications for retrograde and antegrade endoscopic therapy in the management of urolithiasis. This technology has also resulted in minimally invasive therapy. As surgeons' experience of endourological procedures with the newer instruments has become integrated, the surgical technique and indications for urolithiasis have also changed in the past few years. The present review provides an overview of endourological procedures for upper urinary tract stones and the key points related to surgical techniques.
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