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A computer graphics program for measuring two- and three-dimensional form change in developing craniofacial

S Lozanoff¹, V M Diewert

¹Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Computers and Biomedical Research, an International Journal

|February 1, 1989

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel computer graphics program for analyzing craniofacial cartilage development. The finite element method provides objective measures of morphogenetic form change in embryonic skulls.

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Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Biomedical engineering
Computational anatomy

Background:

Allometric analysis of chondrocranial growth is crucial for understanding skull development.
Traditional linear measures face limitations at the histological level for embryonic anatomies.
Objective, spatially invariant measures are needed for analyzing microscopic form changes.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a computer graphics program utilizing finite element methods (FEM) for objective, spatially invariant measurement of 2D and 3D form change.
To apply this routine to analyze craniofacial cartilage development in rat embryos exposed to the teratogen diazo-oxo-norleucine (DON).

Main Methods:

The program employs finite element methods, viewing anatomical form change as continuous deformation.
Key algorithmic steps include isoparametric scaling, strain matrix formulation, and size/shape variable derivation.
The routine extracts nodal data, generates a strain matrix, derives size/shape variables, references axes of form change, and displays geometries.

Main Results:

The finite element routine successfully measured 2D and 3D form changes in rat craniofacial cartilages.
Results demonstrated expected craniofacial form changes consistent with cellular alterations induced by DON.
The study provides a computational approach for analyzing teratogen-induced developmental changes.

Conclusions:

The developed finite element routine offers objective, spatially invariant measures for analyzing chondrocranial growth and morphogenetic changes.
This method is applicable to studying the effects of teratogens like DON on embryonic craniofacial development.
The computational approach provides insights into differential growth and form change at microscopic levels.