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Lectin binding in colorectal mucosa.

M Shah, S S Shrikhande, V S Swaroop

    Indian Journal of Gastroenterology : Official Journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology
    |January 1, 1989
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Normal colon tissue binds strongly to Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) but not peanut agglutinin (PNA). Changes in lectin binding, particularly decreased DBA binding, indicate colorectal malignancy, dysplasia, or active ulcerative colitis.

    Area of Science:

    • Gastroenterology
    • Oncology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Goblet cell mucin in the colon plays a role in mucosal protection and disease processes.
    • Aberrant glycosylation of mucins is associated with colorectal diseases, including cancer and inflammatory conditions.
    • Plant lectins offer specific binding capabilities to detect changes in mucin glycosylation patterns.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the lectin binding patterns of goblet cell mucin in normal and diseased human colonic mucosa.
    • To differentiate between normal mucosa, colorectal malignancy, ulcerative colitis, and transitional mucosa using specific lectins.
    • To assess the diagnostic potential of Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA) in colonic pathologies.

    Main Methods:

    • Human colonic mucosal biopsies from patients with irritable bowel syndrome, colorectal malignancy, ulcerative colitis, and healthy controls were analyzed.

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  • Plant lectins, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA), were used to probe goblet cell mucin.
  • Lectin binding intensity and patterns were evaluated microscopically.

    • Main Results:

    • Normal colonic mucosa exhibited strong DBA binding (100%) and no PNA binding.
    • Colorectal carcinomas showed a significant decrease or absence of DBA binding (14/15) with frequent PNA binding (7/15).
    • Transitional mucosa displayed reduced DBA binding and positive PNA binding in some cases. Active ulcerative colitis showed loss of DBA binding, which was restored during remission. Severe dysplasia showed PNA binding.

    Conclusions:

    • DBA and PNA lectin binding patterns are significantly altered in colorectal malignancy, transitional mucosa, and active ulcerative colitis compared to normal mucosa.
    • Decreased DBA binding and increased PNA binding are potential biomarkers for detecting neoplastic changes and active inflammation in the colon.
    • Lectin histochemistry using DBA and PNA can aid in the differential diagnosis and monitoring of colonic mucosal diseases.