Nano/microvehicles for efficient delivery and (bio)sensing at the cellular level

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Nanotechnology
• Cellular Biology

Background:

• Cellular level delivery and biosensing face significant challenges.
• Current methods often lack precision, efficiency, and real-time monitoring capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent strategies using nano/microvehicles for cellular applications.
• To discuss fabrication, propulsion, navigation, and performance parameters.
• To highlight breakthrough applications in biosensing and cargo delivery.

Main Methods:

• Review of scientific literature on nano/microvehicle strategies.
• Analysis of fabrication pathways, propulsion mechanisms (catalytic, magnetic, acoustic, biological), and navigation.
• Critical discussion of selected applications and their impact.

Main Results:

• Nano/microvehicles demonstrate enhanced extra- and intra-cellular biosensing.
• Fast cell internalization, controlled movement, and efficient payload delivery are achieved.
• Breakthrough applications show real-time sensing and targeted delivery of therapeutics, gene agents, and cells.

Conclusions:

• Smart nano/microdevices function as versatile carriers and sensors at the cellular level.
• These technologies overcome limitations of existing biosensors and delivery systems.
• Future opportunities lie in further enhancing capabilities for cellular monitoring and modulation.