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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Coagulation

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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation
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Core/Shell Microstructure Induced Synergistic Effect for Efficient Water-Droplet Formation and Cloud-Seeding

Yanlong Tai1, Haoran Liang1, Abdelali Zaki1

  • 1Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environment Engineering, Masdar Institute, Khalifa University of Science and Technology , Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

ACS Nano
|November 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

New core/shell sodium chloride/titanium dioxide (NaCl/TiO2) particles significantly enhance water vapor adsorption and droplet formation, showing promise as advanced cloud-seeding materials for water augmentation.

Keywords:
cloud-seeding materialscore/shell microstructurehydrophilic surfacesynergistic effectwater-droplet formation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Cloud-seeding technology is crucial for water augmentation.
  • Developing efficient cloud-seeding materials is an ongoing research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize novel core/shell NaCl/TiO2 (CSNT) particles.
  • To evaluate the water vapor adsorption and cloud droplet formation capabilities of CSNT particles compared to pure NaCl.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of CSNT particles with controlled size.
  • Water vapor adsorption measurements at low relative humidity (RH).
  • Deliquescence and droplet formation observations using environmental scanning electron microscopy and cloud chamber experiments.

Main Results:

  • CSNT particles adsorbed approximately 295 times more water vapor than pure NaCl at 20% RH.
  • CSNT particles deliquesced at a lower RH (62-66%) than NaCl (75% RH).
  • CSNT particles formed water droplets 6-10 times larger than their original size, while NaCl remained crystalline.

Conclusions:

  • The synergistic hydrophilic TiO2 shell and hygroscopic NaCl core enhance water vapor attraction and condensation.
  • CSNT particles exhibit superior performance as cloud-seeding agents compared to pure NaCl.
  • CSNT particles are promising candidates for effective cloud-seeding applications in water augmentation.