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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay — A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells
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The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay — A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

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Anesthetic effects on autophagy.

Fan Ye1, Zhi-Yi Zuo1

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.

Medical Gas Research
|November 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anesthetic agents affect cellular autophagy, a key process for tissue health. This review finds that anesthetic-induced autophagy typically benefits cell survival, aiding recovery from procedures.

Keywords:
apoptosisautophagyintravenous anestheticsischemic preconditioningmyocardiumneuroprotectionsignaling moleculesvolatile anesthetics

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Pharmacology
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis.
  • Anesthetic agents are widely used in medical procedures to ensure patient comfort and optimize surgical conditions.
  • The precise role of autophagy modulation by anesthetics in patient outcomes remains an area of active investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and assess the impact of various anesthetic agents on cellular autophagy.
  • To determine whether anesthetic-induced autophagy is generally beneficial or detrimental to cell survival.
  • To synthesize current understanding of the relationship between anesthetics and autophagy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating anesthetic agents and their effects on autophagy.
  • Analysis of experimental data examining autophagy markers in response to anesthetics.
  • Synthesis of findings to evaluate the net effect of anesthetic-modulated autophagy on cell survival.

Main Results:

  • Anesthetic agents demonstrably modulate the process of autophagy in various cell types.
  • In most reviewed studies, the modulation of autophagy by anesthetics was found to be protective, promoting cell survival.
  • Upregulated autophagy due to anesthetics is predominantly associated with beneficial cellular responses.

Conclusions:

  • Anesthetic-induced autophagy generally supports cell survival and tissue homeostasis.
  • Understanding the interplay between anesthetics and autophagy can inform clinical practice and patient recovery.
  • Further research may elucidate specific mechanisms and therapeutic potentials of anesthetic-autophagy interactions.