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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
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Cerebral Palsy: An Overview.

Sheffali Gulati1, Vishal Sondhi2

  • 1Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. sheffaligulati@gmail.com.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|November 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a developmental disorder from brain injury, affecting muscle tone and motor skills. Management requires a multidisciplinary team for rehabilitation and addressing co-occurring conditions.

Keywords:
Birth asphyxiaBotulinum toxinPrematurityRehabilitationSpasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from injury to the developing brain.
  • It is characterized by impaired muscle tone, movement, and motor skills, with evolving clinical features over time.
  • Early suggestive signs may appear, but specific syndromes are often recognizable by 3-5 years of age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the characteristics and management of cerebral palsy.
  • To highlight the importance of early recognition and comprehensive care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the clinical presentation and diagnostic considerations for cerebral palsy.
  • Description of the multidisciplinary approach to management, including rehabilitation and co-morbidity management.

Main Results:

  • CP management necessitates addressing motor deficits through neurological rehabilitation, including physical and occupational therapies.
  • Comprehensive care involves diagnosing and managing associated conditions such as epilepsy, cognitive and sensory impairments, and gastrointestinal issues.

Conclusions:

  • Effective cerebral palsy management is inherently multidisciplinary.
  • It requires collaboration among physicians, rehabilitation specialists, orthopedic surgeons, psychologists, and social care providers for optimal patient outcomes.