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Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
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Virus Transfer at the Skin-Liquid Interface.

A K Pitol1,2, Heather N Bischel2,3, Tamar Kohn2

  • 1Eawag , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.

Environmental Science & Technology
|November 22, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Virus transfer between skin and water is key for assessing health risks during water activities. Liquid-to-skin transfer depends on virus concentration and liquid volume, while skin-to-liquid transfer is affected by skin wetness and liquid type.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Public health science
  • Virology

Background:

  • Understanding virus transmission during water-related activities is crucial for public health.
  • Quantifying virus transfer between skin and water informs risk assessment models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model and quantify virus transfer dynamics between liquid and human skin.
  • To identify key factors influencing virus transfer in both directions (liquid-to-skin and skin-to-liquid).

Main Methods:

  • Human subject studies utilizing bacteriophages (MS2, Qβ, Φ6) as surrogates for pathogenic viruses.
  • Development of mathematical models to describe virus transfer kinetics.
  • Controlled experiments varying contact time, virus type, liquid conditions, skin wetness, and recipient liquid type.

Main Results:

  • Liquid-to-skin virus transfer is primarily governed by virus concentration and residual liquid volume on skin, with minimal influence from contact time or virus species.
  • Liquid conditions (pH, ionic strength) did not significantly affect MS2 transfer.
  • Skin-to-liquid transfer efficiency is significantly higher when skin is wet (90%) compared to dry (30%) and is influenced by the recipient liquid (41% higher in water vs. saliva).

Conclusions:

  • A predictive model for liquid-to-skin virus transfer was established.
  • Skin wetness and recipient liquid type are critical factors for skin-to-liquid virus transfer.
  • Findings provide essential data for public health risk assessments related to waterborne virus transmission.