Influence of biceps brachii tendon mechanical properties on elbow flexor force steadiness in young and old males

Elbow flexor force steadiness (FS) depends on strength and decreases with age. Achilles tendon mechanics effect standing balance and isometric plantarflexion FS. This study investigated the influence of distal biceps brachii (BB) tendon mechanics and elbow flexor strength on age-related decline in FS. Nine young (23 ± 2 years) and nine old (77 ± 5 years) males performed submaximal isometric elbow flexion tasks at low (2.5%, 5%, 10% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)) and high (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%MVC) forces in a neutral forearm position. Distal BB tendon elongation and cross-sectional area (CSA) were recorded on ultrasound to calculate mechanics of strain, stress, and stiffness. Coefficient of variation (CV) of force was used to assess relationship of FS to tendon mechanics and strength. Young were 22% stronger and 41% steadier than old (P < .05). Tendon stiffness (170.1 ± 132.9 N/mm; 113.0 ± 55.1 N/mm) did not differ with age (P > .05). Young had 40% less strain compared to old at 5% MVC, but 42% greater strain at 60% and 80% MVC (P ≤ .05). Stress was ~18% greater in young at 10%, 20%, and 80% MVC (P ≤ .05). At low forces, CV of force was predicted by stress (r²  = 0.56) in young, and stress and MVC (r²  = 0.641) in old. At high forces for both age groups, CV of force was predicted by MVC and stress (r²  = 0.39-0.43). Stress and strain is greater in young compared with old males. Because strength influences tendon mechanics and is also associated with FS, absolute strength is a large and modifiable contributor to age-related decline in FS.