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Related Concept Videos

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The halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an individual's overall impression influences judgments about their specific traits. This psychological phenomenon leads people to associate positive characteristics with those they perceive as generally good and negative characteristics with those they view as bad. This effect is particularly influential in social perception, professional evaluations, and decision-making processes.The Psychological Basis of the Halo EffectThe halo effect is rooted...
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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
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Age-differences in cognitive flexibility when overcoming a preexisting bias through feedback.

Cristina G Wilson1, Amy T Nusbaum1, Paul Whitney1

  • 1a Department of Psychology , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA.

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|November 23, 2017
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Summary

Older adults improve at reducing bias but younger adults show greater cognitive flexibility. Age differences in overcoming bias are linked to how well information is learned and updated.

Keywords:
Older adultagingbiascognitive flexibilityfeedback

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience of aging

Background:

  • Cognitive flexibility declines with age, impacting adaptation to new demands.
  • Everyday decision-making requires overcoming pre-existing beliefs and biases, not just novel associations.
  • Understanding age-related differences in bias-overcoming is crucial for real-world cognitive function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in overcoming pre-existing biases.
  • To determine if information acquisition and updating influence cognitive flexibility in older adults.

Main Methods:

  • A novel task was designed for 40 older and younger adults to assess bias-overcoming.
  • Participants made repeated choices between sure and ambiguous options, requiring overcoming framing biases.
  • Outcome knowledge and physiological responses (skin conductance) were measured.

Main Results:

  • Both age groups reduced bias over trials, with younger adults performing better overall.
  • Younger adults demonstrated more precise knowledge of choice outcomes.
  • Younger adults exhibited anticipatory physiological responses to negative outcomes, unlike older adults.

Conclusions:

  • Older adults improve in reducing bias but exhibit less overall cognitive flexibility than younger adults.
  • Age-related differences in overcoming bias are associated with learning and information representation.
  • Cognitive flexibility in older adults is influenced by age-related changes in information processing.