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Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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Apical Electrode Placement to Augment Intracochlear Current in Patients With an Ossified Cochlea and Incomplete Electrode Array Insertion.

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Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages
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Encoding a Melody Using Only Temporal Information for Cochlear-Implant and Normal-Hearing Listeners.

Ann E Todd1, Griet Mertens2, Paul Van de Heyning2

  • 11 Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA.

Trends in Hearing
|November 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Amplitude-modulation rate offers limited pitch information for cochlear implant (CI) users, hindering melodic perception. This study found CI users and normal-hearing listeners struggled to discern melody changes when using this encoding method.

Keywords:
apexcochlear implantmusicpitchtemporal

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Area of Science:

  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Speech and Hearing Science

Background:

  • Cochlear implants (CIs) aim to restore hearing by stimulating the auditory nerve.
  • Pitch perception in CI users is a significant challenge, impacting music and speech comprehension.
  • Amplitude-modulation (AM) rate is a potential carrier of pitch information for CI users.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if amplitude-modulation rate can convey sufficient pitch information for cochlear implant users to perceive melodic contours.
  • To assess the impact of stimulation site (apex vs. middle) on melody perception using AM rate.
  • To compare CI user performance with normal-hearing listeners on a melody perception task.

Main Methods:

  • Melodies were encoded using the AM rate of pulse trains delivered to single electrodes in CI users.
  • Melodies were presented in conditions of correct tuning, compression, and expansion.
  • Participants rated the perceived "out of tune" quality of the melodies.

Main Results:

  • Cochlear implant users, on average, did not demonstrate sensitivity to melody compression or expansion, irrespective of stimulation site.
  • Three CI users showed sensitivity to melody alterations with acoustic pure tones, but not with AM rate encoding.
  • Normal-hearing listeners exhibited inconsistent and weak effects when melodies were encoded via acoustic pulse rate.

Conclusions:

  • Amplitude-modulation rate provides inadequate access to melodic information for both cochlear implant and normal-hearing listeners.
  • Current AM rate encoding strategies may not be sufficient for restoring rich musical perception in CI users.
  • Further research is needed to explore alternative or enhanced methods for conveying pitch information via CIs.