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Updated: Feb 18, 2026

A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair
Published on: October 16, 2021
Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Imaging Insights, Clinical Outcomes and Surgical Principles
Nozomi Watanabe1, Simon Maltais2, Shun Nishino1
1Miyazaki Medical Association Hospital Cardiovascular Center, Miyazaki, Japan.
Abstract:
Functional mitral regurgitation (MR; FMR) is the most common type of MR and its development is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Leaflet tethering with apical shift of the papillary muscle due to adverse left ventricular remodeling and loss of normal leaflet coaptation is the principal mechanism of FMR. Echocardiography plays a central role in the assessment of the FMR. The development of 3D echocardiography has allowed for assessment of the geometric changes of mitral valve morphology and spatial relationship with the left ventricle that accompanies FMR. 2D/3D echocardiographic findings, clinical outcomes of FMR are reviewed and role of surgical intervention is discussed.
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