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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
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Beyond Verb Meaning: Experimental Evidence for Incremental Processing of Semantic Roles and Event Structure.

Markus Philipp1, Tim Graf1, Franziska Kretzschmar1

  • 1Institute of German Language and Literature I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.

Frontiers in Psychology
|November 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study on German sentences found that identifying the agent (who is doing the action) is not determined by the subject

Keywords:
N400agentivityanimacyevent structureeventrelated brain potentials (ERP)locative vs. goal adverbialmotion verbsemantic role

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Understanding how semantic roles and event structures interact with verb meaning is crucial for psycholinguistics.
  • German verb-final clauses with motion verbs present unique challenges due to indeterminate agentivity and event structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between semantic roles, event structure, and verb meaning in German.
  • To determine when agent identification occurs in German verb-final clauses.

Main Methods:

  • Event-related potentials (ERP) study using German verb-final clauses.
  • Manipulation of subject noun phrase animacy (animate vs. inanimate) to test agentivity.
  • Manipulation of adverbial phrases (goal vs. locative) to alter event structure (telic vs. atelic).

Main Results:

  • Inanimate subjects elicited an N400 effect compared to animates at the clause-initial position.
  • N400 effects were observed at the adverbial phrase and verbal lexeme, varying with animacy and event structure.
  • Agent identification appears to be completed at the verbal lexeme, not solely by clause-initial animacy.

Conclusions:

  • Clause-initial animacy is insufficient for agent identification in German.
  • Processing costs increase with inanimate subjects or goal arguments due to role/event structure restrictions.
  • Findings challenge the assumption that change of locational state defines the patient role.