An emerging role for epigenetic factors in relation to executive function

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Genetics
• Psychology

Background:

• Executive function (EF) encompasses higher-order cognitive processes like decision-making.
• While the genetic basis of EF is established, epigenetic influences are a growing area of research.
• Epigenetic factors offer a new lens for understanding EF variability.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current research on epigenetic factors influencing executive function.
• To summarize findings on the relationship between epigenetics and EF in human populations.
• To highlight the potential of epigenetics in understanding EF and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature search across three academic databases.
• Inclusion criteria focused on human studies assessing both EF and epigenetic markers (e.g., DNA methylation, genotyping).
• Analysis of 14 studies investigating epigenetic variation in relation to EF.

Main Results:

• 14 studies reported positive associations between epigenetic variation (primarily DNA methylation) and EF.
• Studies included diverse populations: healthy individuals, and patients with psychiatric or neurological conditions.
• Evidence suggests epigenetic factors play a role in EF, though findings vary by cohort and task.

Conclusions:

• The study of epigenetics in relation to EF is nascent, with limited research to date.
• DNA methylation is the most commonly studied epigenetic mechanism.
• Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm the role of epigenetics in EF and develop potential biomarkers for neuropsychiatric conditions.