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Exercise Alters Gut Microbiota Composition and Function in Lean and Obese Humans.

Jacob M Allen1, Lucy J Mailing1, Grace M Niemiro1

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Exercise training alters gut microbiota composition and function, particularly in lean individuals, by increasing beneficial short-chain fatty acids. These changes depend on obesity status and are reversed upon cessation of exercise.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Human physiology
  • Exercise science

Background:

  • Gut microbial composition is influenced by exercise.
  • Limited research exists on exercise-induced modulation of human gut microbiota and metabolites.
  • Dietary intake can affect gut microbiota composition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of 6 weeks of endurance exercise on gut microbiota composition, functional capacity, and metabolic output in lean and obese adults.
  • To control for dietary intake prior to sample collection.
  • To assess the reversibility of exercise-induced changes in the gut microbiota.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-two sedentary lean and obese adults underwent 6 weeks of supervised endurance exercise.
  • Fecal samples were collected before, after exercise, and after a 6-week sedentary washout period.
  • A 3-day dietary control was implemented before each fecal sample collection.

Main Results:

  • Exercise-induced gut microbiota alterations were dependent on obesity status.
  • Lean individuals showed increased fecal short-chain fatty acids post-exercise, unlike obese individuals.
  • Microbiota metabolic shifts correlated with changes in bacterial genes and taxa involved in short-chain fatty acid production.
  • Exercise-induced microbiota changes were largely reversed after the sedentary washout period.

Conclusions:

  • Exercise training induces significant compositional and functional changes in the human gut microbiota.
  • These exercise-induced microbiota modifications are obesity-status dependent.
  • The observed changes are independent of diet and contingent on sustained exercise, highlighting the importance of exercise adherence.