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Related Concept Videos

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Caspases01:24

Caspases

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Related Experiment Video

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Identifying Caspases and their Motifs that Cleave Proteins During Influenza A Virus Infection
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Viral Infection and Apoptosis.

Marc Kvansakul1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia. m.kvansakul@latrobe.edu.au.

Viruses
|November 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Viruses are adept molecular manipulators, evolving to thrive across all species. Understanding viral manipulation is key to combating infections and advancing biotechnology.

Area of Science:

  • Virology and Molecular Biology: Focuses on the intricate molecular mechanisms viruses employ for survival and propagation across diverse hosts.

Background:

  • Viruses exhibit remarkable adaptability, employing sophisticated molecular strategies to infect and replicate within various species.
  • Their evolutionary success stems from their ability to hijack host cell machinery for their own benefit.

Discussion:

  • The study of viral molecular manipulation provides critical insights into host-pathogen interactions.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing effective antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Key Insights:

  • Viruses are highly evolved molecular machines with diverse strategies for host exploitation.
  • Key viral manipulation tactics include altering host gene expression and evading immune responses.

Outlook:

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  • Further research into viral molecular manipulation will unlock new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
  • Harnessing viral mechanisms could lead to advancements in gene therapy and synthetic biology.