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This study suggests a link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and inflammation. Further research is needed to confirm the role of inflammatory processes in ADHD.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder impacting development and functioning.
  • The potential association between ADHD and inflammatory processes requires thorough investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review human studies examining inflammatory markers in individuals with ADHD.
  • To explore the relationship between inflammation and the pathogenesis of ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of human studies was conducted, searching major scientific databases (PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PSYCHINFO, COCHRANE, SCOPUS) up to September 2016.
  • Studies included those measuring cytokine gene expression, protein levels in blood, and cerebrospinal fluid in ADHD patients.
  • Fourteen relevant peer-reviewed papers met the inclusion criteria.

Main Results:

  • Seven studies investigated cytokine gene polymorphisms in relation to ADHD.
  • Six studies measured cytokine levels in blood samples from ADHD patients.
  • One study analyzed cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid, indicating a potential role for inflammation in ADHD, despite heterogeneous and conflicting findings.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence suggests a possible association between ADHD and inflammatory processes.
  • Further comprehensive studies are necessary to elucidate the definitive role of inflammation in ADHD pathogenesis.