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Related Concept Videos

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Transcription Initiation01:47

Transcription Initiation

Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

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Five intermediate complexes in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II.

S Buratowski1, S Hahn, L Guarente

  • 1Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.

Cell
|February 24, 1989
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified five sequential complexes in adenovirus transcription initiation. These complexes involve general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II, revealing the order of factor assembly and a proposed model for transcription initiation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Transcription initiation is a complex process involving multiple protein factors.
  • Understanding the precise order of assembly of these factors is crucial for deciphering gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To resolve and characterize the sequential formation of transcription initiation complexes on the adenovirus Major Late Promoter.
  • To determine the relative positions of general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II within these complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Native gel electrophoresis DNA binding assays were employed to identify distinct complexes.
  • DNAase I footprint analysis was used to map the binding sites and relative positions of factors within the complexes.

Main Results:

  • Five distinct complexes were identified, formed by the sequential addition of transcription factors (TFIID, TFIIA, TFIIB, RNA polymerase II, TFIIE).
  • TFIIA and TFIID bind to the TATA element, with TFIIB acting as a bridge to RNA polymerase II.
  • ATP/dATP and TFIIE binding altered DNAse I footprints, and ribonucleotide triphosphate addition led to the formation of complexes with initiated transcripts.

Conclusions:

  • A sequential model for the assembly of the transcription pre-initiation complex was proposed.
  • The study elucidates the dynamic interactions of general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II during adenovirus transcription initiation.