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Heart Valves

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...

Aortic Regurgitation III: Medical Management

Aortic Regurgitation III: Medical Management

Aortic regurgitation (AR) is when the aortic valve does not close or seal properly, leading to backward blood circulation from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole. Common causes of AR include rheumatic heart disease, congenital valve defects, and aortic root dilation. Managing AR requires a multifaceted approach to alleviate symptoms, preserve left ventricular function, and address the underlying cause of the regurgitation. Patients with symptomatic AR or significant left...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

Published on: February 14, 2017

Acute Valvular Heart Disease.

Varun Maheshwari¹, Brian Barr¹, Mukta Srivastava¹

¹Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 7th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

Cardiology Clinics

|November 28, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Recognizing decompensated valvular heart disease (VHD) is key for prompt management. Early assessment of hemodynamics and ischemia guides initial therapy, with echocardiography aiding diagnosis.

Keywords:

Aortic regurgitation Aortic stenosis Mitral regurgitation Mitral stenosis Prosthetic valve dysfunction

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Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

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Published on: February 14, 2017

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Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

Published on: February 8, 2022

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a prevalent clinical condition requiring timely recognition.
Effective management of decompensated VHD hinges on accurate initial evaluation and intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline the critical steps in evaluating and managing decompensated valvular heart disease.
To emphasize the role of diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies in VHD care.

Main Methods:

Initial evaluation focuses on hemodynamics, peripheral perfusion, volume overload, and myocardial ischemia.
Echocardiography is utilized for rapid identification of VHD etiology and severity.
Physical examination findings complement diagnostic imaging.

Main Results:

Prompt recognition and management of decompensated VHD improve patient outcomes.
Therapeutic interventions target hemodynamic stability, fluid balance, and ischemia reduction.
Prosthetic valve dysfunction requires specific understanding and initial treatment protocols.

Conclusions:

Early and accurate diagnosis of VHD is essential for effective treatment.
A multi-faceted approach including hemodynamic assessment, imaging, and targeted therapy is crucial.
Mechanical circulatory support is an emerging tool for stabilizing critical VHD patients.