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Related Concept Videos

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A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
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Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention01:30

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Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
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Assessment of Pulmonary Edema: Principles and Practice.

Sherif Assaad1, Wolf B Kratzert2, Benjamin Shelley3

  • 1Cardiothoracic Anesthesia Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.

Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
|November 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing perioperative pulmonary edema early is crucial for patient outcomes. This review examines bedside tools for detecting lung water accumulation and differentiating its causes.

Keywords:
auscultationchest radiographylung ultrasoundpulmonary edematranspulmonary thermodilution

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Pulmonary edema is a perioperative complication impacting patient outcomes.
  • Risk factors include cardiogenic causes (heart failure, fluid overload) and increased pulmonary capillary permeability.
  • Prompt diagnosis and early intervention are essential for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in understanding extravascular lung water (EVLW) physiology and edema development.
  • To examine bedside diagnostic modalities for early detection of pulmonary edema.
  • To explore the advantages and limitations of these methods for clinical application.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on pulmonary edema pathophysiology and diagnostic tools.
  • Examination of bedside modalities: chest auscultation, chest roentgenography, lung ultrasonography, and transpulmonary thermodilution.
  • Analysis of method sensitivity, specificity, availability, and quantification capabilities.

Main Results:

  • Several risk factors for pulmonary edema are identified, including cardiac and inflammatory causes.
  • Bedside tools aim for early detection of lung water accumulation before overt symptoms.
  • Ideal tools should be sensitive, specific, readily available, and quantify EVLW, differentiating hydrostatic from permeability edema.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis and quantification of extravascular lung water are vital in perioperative settings.
  • Bedside modalities offer varying degrees of utility for early pulmonary edema detection.
  • Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each method aids in selecting the appropriate tool for clinical scenarios.