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The Distribution of Different Types of Diabetes in Childhood: A Single Center Experience
Belma Haliloğlu1, Saygın Abalı2, Fuat Buğrul3
1Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
Insights
Type 1 diabetes remains the most common childhood diabetes, but type 2 diabetes is increasing significantly in young people. This study analyzes trends and features of childhood diabetes types.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Endocrinology
- Diabetes Mellitus Epidemiology
- Clinical Research
Background:
- Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the predominant form of diabetes in children.
- Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) are increasingly recognized in pediatric populations.
- Understanding the changing landscape of diabetes in youth is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the distribution and trends of different diabetes types in children and adolescents.
- To analyze the clinical and laboratory features of pediatric diabetes at diagnosis.
- To investigate the increasing incidence of T2D in a pediatric tertiary care center.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective review of medical records for patients aged 0-18 years diagnosed with diabetes between 1999 and 2016.
- Data collection included patient demographics, clinical characteristics at diagnosis, and diabetes type.
- Statistical analysis was performed to identify trends and significant changes in diabetes prevalence.
Main Results:
- Type 1 diabetes accounted for 84% of cases, while T2D represented 5.7%, MODY 5.3%, and other types 5%.
- A significant upward trend in T2D frequency was observed, increasing from 1.9% (1999-2004) to 7.9% (2011-2016).
- Diabetic ketoacidosis occurred in 48.4% of T1D patients and 29.2% of T2D patients.
Conclusions:
- Type 1 diabetes is still the leading cause of diabetes in childhood.
- There is a notable and statistically significant increase in the incidence of Type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents in recent years.
- Continued monitoring and research into the causes and management of pediatric T2D are warranted.
Objective:
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the most common cause of diabetes in childhood but type 2 diabetes (T2D) and maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) are emerging as noteworthy causes of diabetes at young ages. The aim is to determine the distribution, trends and clinical features of the different types of diabetes in childhood in one tertiary center.
Methods:
The records of children and adolescents aged 0-18 years who were diagnosed as “diabetes/persistent hyperglycemia” between January 1999 and December 2016, were reviewed. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients at diagnosis and type of diabetes were recorded.
Results:
The mean ± standard deviation age of 835 patients (48.7% females) at diagnosis was 8.8±4.4 years. Eighty-four percent of the patients were diagnosed as T1D, 5.7% as T2D, 5.3% as clinical MODY and 5% as being cases of other types of diabetes. The frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and severe DKA in T1D were 48.4% and 11.6%, respectively. Fourteen patients (29.2%) with T2D presented with ketosis and two of them (4.2%) had DKA at diagnosis. Antibody positivity was 83.1% in T1D and 14.8% in T2D. A statistically significant increase in the frequency of T2D has clearly been demonstrated in recent years with a frequency of 1.9%, 2.4% and 7.9% in 1999-2004, 2005-2010 and 2011-2016, respectively (p<0.001). In MODY, genetic analysis was performed in 26 (59%) patients and HNF1A and GCK gene mutations were detected in 3 (11.5%) and 14 (53.8%) patients, respectively.
Conclusion:
Although the most frequent cause of DM is T1D in childhood, a trend towards increase in the frequency of T2D in recent years is notable in our population.
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