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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Bearing stress refers to the contact pressure between two separate bodies. To visualize this, imagine a bolt thrust through a plate. The bolt applies a force to the plate, which exerts an equal but opposite force back onto the bolt. This force isn't just a singular entity but a compilation of numerous smaller forces distributed across the contact surface between the bolt and the plate.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Consider a hydraulic hoist supporting a load of 1 kN. Assuming a simplified schematic representation of this frame structure, the force acting on BD and BF members can be determined.
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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The Weight-Bearing Shoulder.

Ronak M Patel1, Jonathan D Gelber, Mark S Schickendantz

  • 1From Hinsdale Orthopaedic Associates, Westmont, IL (Dr. Patel), Elite Sports Medicine, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT (Dr. Gelber), and Cleveland Clinic Sports Health, Cleveland, OH (Dr. Schickendantz).

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
|November 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The weight-bearing shoulder, common in manual wheelchair users, faces overuse and pathology. Understanding these unique demands improves diagnosis and management of shoulder pain in this population.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • The shoulder joint enables extensive motion but also bears significant weight in certain patient groups.
  • Manual wheelchair users and those using upper extremity walking aids place substantial loads on their shoulders.
  • Overuse and repetitive stress in these individuals commonly lead to subacromial impingement syndrome and other shoulder pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the biomechanical challenges and pathological conditions affecting the weight-bearing shoulder.
  • To enhance understanding of shoulder pain in patients relying on their upper extremities for mobility and support.
  • To provide insights for improved clinical management of shoulder issues in manual wheelchair users and individuals using walking aids.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on shoulder biomechanics and pathology in relation to weight-bearing activities.
  • Analysis of common conditions such as subacromial impingement syndrome in affected patient populations.
  • Correlation of spinal cord injury levels with shoulder pain incidence and severity.

Main Results:

  • The weight-bearing shoulder experiences high joint reaction forces, predisposing it to various pathologies.
  • Muscle imbalances and repetitive trauma are primary contributors to shoulder dysfunction.
  • Patients with high-level spinal cord injuries exhibit a higher prevalence of shoulder pain.

Conclusions:

  • Recognizing the shoulder as a primary weight-bearing joint in specific populations is crucial for accurate diagnosis.
  • Understanding the unique biomechanical stresses is essential for effective management strategies.
  • Improved physician comprehension of patient needs can lead to better outcomes for weight-bearing shoulder conditions.