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Multiple Regulatory Modules Are Required for Scale-to-Feather Conversion.

Ping Wu1, Jie Yan1,2, Yung-Chih Lai1,3,4

  • 1Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|November 28, 2017
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Summary

Scientists identified key genes that transform scales into feathers, revealing evolutionary steps in feather development. This research sheds light on how new organs like feathers emerge, impacting our understanding of evolutionary developmental biology.

Keywords:
Evo-Devoalligatorbirdevolutionfeather evolutionreprogrammingscaleskin appendagesstem cell

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-Devo)
  • Paleontology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The evolution of feathers from scales is a pivotal event in vertebrate evolution, enabling flight and ecological diversification.
  • Understanding the genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying feather formation is crucial for insights into organ evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify genes involved in feather development and understand the morphogenetic events that led to feather evolution from scales.
  • To investigate the molecular basis for the transition from reptilian scales to avian feathers.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic analyses to identify candidate feather-associated genes.
  • Ectopic expression of candidate genes in chicken and alligator scale-forming regions.
  • Analysis of induced intermediate morphotypes between scales and feathers.

Main Results:

  • Identified novel scale-to-feather converter genes (Sox2, Zic1, Grem1, Spry2, Sox18) beyond known inducers like retinoic acid and β-catenin.
  • Observed key morphogenetic events including localized growth, follicle invagination, branching, keratinization, and dermal papilla formation.
  • Generated feather-like structures resembling both fossilized filamentous appendages and modern avian feathers.

Conclusions:

  • The identified genes and morpho-regulatory modules likely played a role in diversifying archosaur scales and initiating feather evolution.
  • Hierarchical integration and combinatorial regulation of these modules could explain the formation of diverse extant feather types.
  • Integrating developmental biology and paleontology provides a powerful framework for studying the evolution of complex structures.