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Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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Second Law of Thermodynamics00:53

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Third Law of Thermodynamics02:38

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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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Entropy production in a fluid-solid system far from thermodynamic equilibrium.

Bong Jae Chung1, Blas Ortega2, Ashwin Vaidya3

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 22030, Fairfax, VA, USA.

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter
|November 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The maximum entropy production principle (MaxEP) predicts fluid-solid interaction equilibrium states. For less symmetric bodies and systems far from equilibrium, MaxEP remains a good predictor, though Min-MaxEP may apply in specific cases.

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Topical issue: Non-equilibrium processes in multicomponent and multiphase media

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Thermodynamics
  • Non-equilibrium systems

Background:

  • Fluid-solid interactions involve dissipative systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium.
  • Dynamical equations for these systems are complex and analytically intractable with inertial effects.
  • Numerical methods are often required but can be computationally expensive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the validity of the maximum entropy production principle (MaxEP) for bodies with reduced symmetry.
  • To investigate MaxEP's applicability in systems significantly out of thermodynamic equilibrium.
  • To examine the transition from MaxEP to other principles under varying inertial effects.

Main Methods:

  • Two-dimensional numerical simulations of fluid flow past rigid bodies.
  • Analysis across a range of Reynolds numbers (0-14).
  • Experimental validation using sedimentation tanks and flow tanks.

Main Results:

  • MaxEP accurately predicts orientational equilibrium for bodies with high symmetry.
  • For a half-ellipse, MaxEP is generally a good predictor.
  • In specific cases (high aspect ratio half-ellipse, higher Reynolds numbers), Min-MaxEP replaces MaxEP.

Conclusions:

  • MaxEP is a reliable principle for predicting equilibrium states in fluid-solid interactions.
  • The principle's validity extends to less symmetric bodies and systems further from equilibrium.
  • A shift to Min-MaxEP is observed under specific inertial conditions, highlighting the complexity of non-equilibrium dynamics.