Ultrathin 2D Photocatalysts: Electronic-Structure Tailoring, Hybridization, and Applications

As a sustainable technology, semiconductor photocatalysis has attracted considerable interest in the past several decades owing to the potential to relieve or resolve energy and environmental-pollution issues. By virtue of their unique structural and electronic properties, emerging ultrathin 2D materials with appropriate band structure show enormous potential to achieve efficient photocatalytic performance. Here, the state-of-the-art progress on ultrathin 2D photocatalysts is reviewed and a critical appraisal of the classification, controllable synthesis, and formation mechanism of ultrathin 2D photocatalysts is presented. Then, different strategies to tailor the electronic structure of ultrathin 2D photocatalysts are summarized, including component tuning, thickness tuning, doping, and defect engineering. Hybridization with the introduction of a foreign component and maintaining the ultrathin 2D structure is presented to further boost the photocatalytic performance, such as quantum dots/2D materials, single atoms/2D materials, molecular/2D materials, and 2D-2D stacking materials. More importantly, the advancement of versatile photocatalytic applications of ultrathin 2D photocatalysts in the fields of water oxidation, hydrogen evolution, CO₂ reduction, nitrogen fixation, organic syntheses, and removal pollutants is discussed. Finally, the future opportunities and challenges regarding ultrathin 2D photocatalysts to bring about new opportunities for future research in the field of photocatalysis are also presented.