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Related Concept Videos

Aging01:26

Aging

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
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The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism

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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging
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Aging mechanisms and intervention targets.

Jun-Ping Liu1,2,3

  • 1School of Medicine, Institute of Ageing Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.

Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology
|November 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tissue-specific premature aging, linked to chronic diseases, arises from cellular aging in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Understanding these mechanisms is key to addressing age-related illnesses.

Keywords:
cytoplasm agingnuclear agingorganelle degenerationsenescence-associated low-grade inflammationtissue-specific premature aging

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular and Molecular Biology
  • Gerontology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Premature aging affects multiple tissues, leading to chronic diseases with largely unknown mechanisms.
  • Cellular aging can initiate in the cytoplasm (organelle degeneration) or nucleus (telomere dysfunction, cell cycle arrest).

Discussion:

  • Cytoplasmic aging impacts terminally differentiated cells, while nuclear aging affects stem and cancer cells.
  • Extracellular senescence-associated inflammation can propagate aging throughout tissues.

Key Insights:

  • Identifies distinct cytoplasmic and nuclear aging pathways.
  • Links cellular aging mechanisms to tissue-specific chronic diseases.
  • Highlights the role of inflammation in spreading aging.

Outlook:

  • Further research into these mechanisms can inform therapeutic strategies for age-related diseases.
  • Investigating environmental influences on cellular aging is crucial.
  • Focus on preventing or mitigating tissue-specific aging processes.