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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

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A high-throughput solid-phase microextraction and post-loop mixing large volume injection method for water samples.

J A Baz-Lomba1, Arndís Sue-Ching Löve2, Malcolm J Reid1

  • 1Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.

Journal of Chromatography. A
|November 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a faster, cost-effective method for analyzing drugs in wastewater using micro-extraction and large volume injection, improving wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) studies. The new approach simplifies sample prep and enhances WBE capabilities.

Keywords:
96-Well plate microextractionHigh-throughput analysisLarge volume injectionLiquid chromatography–mass spectrometryPost-loop mixingWastewater-based epidemiology

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Forensic Toxicology

Background:

  • Sample preparation is a major bottleneck in high-throughput wastewater analysis for epidemiology.
  • Current methods for wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can be complex and time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a streamlined and efficient method for analyzing 13 drugs in wastewater for WBE.
  • To reduce sample preparation time, cost, and solvent usage in WBE studies.
  • To establish a workflow for creating a virtual specimen library bank for WBE using high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Main Methods:

  • Micro-extraction of 1 mL wastewater samples using a HLB 96-well microplate.
  • Large Volume Injection (LVI) combined with Post-Loop Mixing Injection (PLM).
  • Analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS).

Main Results:

  • Achieved limits of quantification (LOQ) below reported environmental concentrations (0.2–6.3 ng/L).
  • Method demonstrated good precision (RSD 3.4–14.4%) and accuracy (recoveries 92–110%).
  • Successfully applied to analyze 10 real wastewater samples from Oslo, Norway.

Conclusions:

  • The novel micro-extraction and LVI/PLM method significantly enhances the efficiency and suitability of WBE studies.
  • Reduced sample volume, preparation time, cost, and solvent consumption.
  • The proposed workflow supports the creation of virtual specimen libraries for advanced WBE.