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Updated: Feb 18, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
Published on: February 8, 2019
Autoantibodies to Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Associated With Severe and Unusual Manifestations
Nancy F Crum-Cianflone1,2,3, Pamela V Lam1, Sarah Ross-Walker4
1Internal Medicine Department.
Abstract:
Cryptococcus gattii infections, especially including those with severe clinical manifestations, may be related to underlying host immunologic factors. We present 2 cases with autoantibodies to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a key cytokine in macrophage function. Immunologic evaluation for anti-GM-CSF antibodies may be important to inform management and counseling.
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