Tick-borne diseases and autoimmunity: A comprehensive review

Area of Science:

• Infectious Diseases
• Autoimmunology
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are a diverse group of globally distributed emerging and reemerging infectious diseases.
• TBDs can manifest with symptoms overlapping those of autoimmune diseases, including musculoskeletal, cutaneous, and neurological issues.
• Infections transmitted by ticks may act as a trigger for the development of autoimmune conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of tick-borne diseases (TBDs).
• To elucidate the complex relationship between TBDs and the development or exacerbation of autoimmunity.
• To emphasize the importance of considering TBDs in the differential diagnosis of autoimmune-like presentations.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of existing studies on TBDs and autoimmunity.
• Analysis of clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, and epidemiological factors.
• Discussion of current and future research directions, including tick microbiome and vaccination.

Main Results:

• TBDs present a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that can mimic autoimmune disorders.
• Tick-borne infections can initiate or contribute to autoimmune processes in susceptible individuals.
• Accurate diagnosis requires integrating clinical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and epidemiological context.

Conclusions:

• Clinicians must consider TBDs in patients presenting with autoimmune-like symptoms, especially in endemic areas.
• Effective control and prevention strategies for TBDs are essential.
• Ongoing research into tick microbiome and vaccination holds promise for future TBD management.