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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Related Experiment Video

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Puzzling thyroid function test.

Nandhini Lakshmana Perumal1, Jaya Prakash Sahoo2, Sadishkumar Kamalanathan2

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education, Puducherry, India.

BMJ Case Reports
|November 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A boy presented with a neck swelling and initially suspected thyrotoxicosis. Further tests revealed generalized resistance to thyroid hormones, a benign genetic condition affecting his family.

Keywords:
paediatricsthyroid disease

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyrotoxicosis is a common endocrine disorder characterized by excessive thyroid hormone production.
  • Resistance to thyroid hormones (RTH) is a rare genetic disorder where target tissues do not respond normally to thyroid hormones.
  • Distinguishing between thyrotoxicosis and RTH is crucial for appropriate management and patient outcomes.

Observation:

  • A 13-½-year-old boy presented with a neck swelling (goiter) and was referred for suspected thyrotoxicosis.
  • Initial thyroid function tests showed elevated free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) with an unsuppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level.
  • A Technetium-99 uptake scan indicated increased thyroid activity, yet the patient was clinically euthyroid.

Findings:

  • The clinical presentation and laboratory findings suggested the possibility of resistance to thyroid hormones.
  • Further investigation confirmed generalized resistance to thyroid hormones (RTH) through family screening and genetic testing.
  • The genetic basis for RTH was identified within the patient's family.

Implications:

  • Accurate diagnosis of RTH is essential to avoid unnecessary treatment for presumed thyrotoxicosis.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of RTH aids in family counseling and genetic screening.
  • This case highlights the importance of considering RTH in patients with biochemical hyperthyroidism but without clinical hyperthyroid symptoms.