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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
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The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...
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In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone called angiotensin II plays a crucial role. It binds to the AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscles coupled with Gq proteins. The activation of these receptors activates an enzyme called phospholipase C, which releases two molecules: inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These molecules cause a chain reaction that leads to the phosphorylation of myosin light chains and promotes interaction between actin and myosin, leading to smooth...
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
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The neural regulation of blood pressure involves intricate interactions between the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiovascular system, ensuring adequate perfusion of tissues. This regulation primarily occurs through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, involving both short-term and long-term mechanisms.
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Decoding resistant hypertension signalling pathways.

Ricardo Cambraia Parreira1,2, Leandro Heleno Guimarães Lacerda3, Rebecca Vasconcellos1,2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antôniol Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.

Clinical Science (London, England : 1979)
|November 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Resistant hypertension (RH) involves drug-resistant high blood pressure, increasing cardiovascular risks. This review explores microRNAs (miRNAs) roles in RH development, consequences, and potential diagnostic/therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
Signaling PathwaysmicroRNAresistant hypertension

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Resistant hypertension (RH) is characterized by high blood pressure unresponsive to medication, linked to elevated cardiovascular risks.
  • Known contributing factors include sympathetic activity, primary aldosteronism, arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the mechanisms underlying the development and consequences of RH.
  • To explore current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies utilizing miRNAs for RH.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating miRNA involvement in hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
  • Analysis of current research on miRNA-based diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for RH.

Main Results:

  • miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs, regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and are implicated in cardiovascular damage and hypertension.
  • Emerging evidence suggests specific miRNAs may play critical roles in RH pathogenesis and progression.

Conclusions:

  • miRNAs represent a promising area for understanding RH molecular mechanisms.
  • miRNA-based approaches hold potential for novel diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in resistant hypertension.