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Paneth cells in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology.

Nikolaus Gassler1

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology
|November 30, 2017
PubMed
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Paneth cells in the small intestine are crucial for gut health, aiding in tissue regeneration and producing antimicrobials that shape the microbiome. Their dysfunction is linked to intestinal diseases.

Keywords:
Antimicrobial peptideCrohn’s diseaseMicrobiomePaneth cellSmall intestine

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Cell Biology
  • Microbiome Research

Background:

  • The small intestinal mucosa features villi and specialized epithelial cells forming the intestinal border.
  • Paneth cells, located in crypts, are vital for regenerating absorptive and secretory cells.
  • These cells influence stem cell zones, intestinal development, and crypt fission via Wnt signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of Paneth cell functions in intestinal physiology.
  • To explore the role of Paneth cells in intestinal pathophysiology.
  • To highlight the connection between Paneth cell activity and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Paneth cell biology.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways regulating Paneth cell function (e.g., Wnt, Notch, EphB3).
  • Examination of the role of autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) in Paneth cell function and disease.

Main Results:

  • Paneth cells are essential for producing antimicrobial peptides (e.g., α-defensins/cryptdins) that modulate the gut microbiome.
  • Wnt signaling, guided by EphB3 and antagonized by Notch, regulates Paneth cell positioning.
  • ATG16L1 links Paneth cell exocytosis to PPAR signaling and lipid metabolism, with its dysfunction implicated in disease.

Conclusions:

  • Paneth cells play a multifaceted role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and immunity.
  • Disruptions in Paneth cell function and exocytosis are implicated in the pathogenesis of various intestinal diseases.
  • Understanding Paneth cell activities is crucial for addressing gastrointestinal disorders.